Properties of tin oxide films grown by atomic layer deposition from tin tetraiodide and ozone

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Tanel Käämbre,
• Aile Tamm and
• Kaupo Kukli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1085–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.89

• . Suitable evaporation temperatures for the SnI4 precursor as well as the relationship between growth per cycle and substrate temperature were determined. Crystal growth in the films in the temperature range of 225–600 °C was identified. Spectroscopic analyses revealed low amounts of residual iodine and

Spindle-like MIL101(Fe) decorated with Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles for enhanced degradation of chlortetracycline under visible-light irradiation

• Chen-chen Hao,
• Fang-yan Chen,
• Kun Bian,
• Yu-bin Tang and
• Wei-long Shi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1038–1050, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.91

• nucleation rate, (i.e., slow nucleation could increase crystal growth and as a result produce large-sized particles [54]). As a result, Bi2O3 nanoparticles affect the shape and size of MIL101(Fe) and this may be due to the addition of Bi2O3 to the precursor, altering the balance of ligands and simultaneously

A non-enzymatic electrochemical hydrogen peroxide sensor based on copper oxide nanostructures

• Irena Mihailova,
• Vjaceslavs Gerbreders,
• Marina Krasovska,
• Eriks Sledevskis,
• Valdis Mizers,
• Andrejs Bulanovs and
• Andrejs Ogurcovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 424–436, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.35

• NaOH concentrations below 5 M a thin Cu(OH)2 film is instantly formed on the copper surface. This film serves as a protective layer and blocks all further reactions, including crystal growth. The same processes are observed in the case when the reaction proceeds at relatively low temperatures, which

Interfacial nanoarchitectonics for ZIF-8 membranes with enhanced gas separation

• Season S. Chen,
• Zhen-Jie Yang,
• Chia-Hao Chang,
• Hoong-Uei Koh,
• Sameerah I. Al-Saeedi,
• Kuo-Lun Tung and
• Kevin C.-W. Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 313–324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.26

• -methylimidazole/1-octanol solution were prepared to optimize the ZIF-8 membrane structure. Since 1-octanol is immiscible with water, ZIF-8 formation can be confined to the interface between water and the organic solvent. Prior to ZIF-8 crystal growth, the pretreated α-Al2O3 disk was immersed into the zinc nitrate

• and SEM images of the α-Al2O3 disks are given in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1. Prior to heterogeneous nucleation of ZIF-8 crystals on the porous α-Al2O3 disks, free-standing ZIF-8 thin films were fabricated to verify the feasibility of continuous ZIF-8 crystal growth via an interfacial

• –f). The formation of a micrometer-thick membrane is consistent with the results of interfacial syntheses of other MOF membranes [39][40]. The crystal growth is known to depend on the solution concentration, which has influence on both the nucleation rate and diffusion rate. As the concentration of 2

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• Information File 1). At this stage, the rods had a length of 5.7 ± 1.8 µm. Rod-like crystal growth by the dissolution of spherical, amorphous nanoparticles had already been suggested by Validžić et al. for similar processes at a higher temperature [20], further supporting this assumption. The rods grew

• with ethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol as solvent [29][30]. The authors reasoned the cleavage at the particle tips by weak van der Waals forces between (Sb4S6)n chains, of which the particles consisted, or by strongly bound ligands interfering with the crystal growth, respectively. However, as

• crystal growth is a kinetically controlled process, mild reaction conditions lead to a delayed growth in the preferred direction, and the other crystal planes also grew. Hence, it is likely that integration of the dissolving amorphous particles would fuse the fibers of the crystalline ones. This behavior

Self-assembly of Eucalyptus gunnii wax tubules and pure ß-diketone on HOPG and glass

• Miriam Anna Huth,
• Axel Huth and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 939–949, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.70

• which the growth of a developing crystal is restricted by the diffusion of the molecules. Thus, new molecules are added mainly at one side of an already existing crystal, resulting in a crystal growth in one direction. In the present experiment, the kinetic regime could be applied after the evaporation

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• potentials, neutralizing charge, and in particular, crystal face pacification, enabling preferential crystal growth. DESs are the medium where nanoparticle synthesis occurs in the presence of capping agent and reducing agents. Biocompatible capping and reducing agents, such as carbohydrates (i.e

• nanoparticles than for spherical shapes. This is due to greater exposed surface area and more defects during crystal growth of anisotropic nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles show tremendous potential in biomedical research due to unique optical and physicochemical properties and the inert nanoparticle core. The

• ]. The difference between the electrochemical double layers and a differential activity of chloride ions (i.e., preferential facet binding during crystal growth restricting the lattice growth in a particular direction) were responsible for the observed morphological difference. The lower surface tension

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• methods. The first category consists of techniques that use chemical reagents to reduce Ag cations into zero-charged Ag atoms, which then mount on top of the nuclei, serving as templates for crystal growth into particles at the nanoscale [138][139]. This set of techniques is also known as the “chemical

Magnetic-field-assisted synthesis of anisotropic iron oxide particles: Effect of pH

• Andrey V. Shibaev,
• Petr V. Shvets,
• Darya E. Kessel,
• Roman A. Kamyshinsky,
• Anton S. Orekhov,
• Sergey S. Abramchuk,
• Alexei R. Khokhlov and
• Olga E. Philippova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1230–1241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.107

• aggregation and recrystallization of primary nanocrystals. Nonetheless, one cannot fully neglect direct crystal growth by the accretion of atoms, which can help the construction of single rod-like crystals on the basis of column-like aggregates of particles acting as a template. The growth of rods by

• (Figure 9). The spherical nanoparticles result from isotropic crystal growth whereas hexagons and cubes are formed upon anisotropic growth, preserving the {111} or {100} crystal facets, respectively [23]. Note that the {100} facet is the most stable one in the spinel structure, having the lowest energy

• . Therefore, when primary nanoparticles are highly charged their mutual aggregation under a magnetic field is prevented and their preferential growth seems to happen via a direct crystal growth mechanism [55]. Conclusion In this paper, we have shown that pH, which controls the molar ratio of OH− to iron ions

Excitonic and electronic transitions in Me–Sb₂Se₃ structures

• Nicolae N. Syrbu,
• Victor V. Zalamai,
• Ivan G. Stamov and
• Stepan I. Beril

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1045–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.89

• other end the of ampoule was designated as the crystal growth zone (670–680 °C). The ampoule was maintained at this temperature gradient for 80 h to allow for the crystal growth process. Due to the temperature gradient, the material was transferred to the crystal growth zone, which was set at the lower

Facile biogenic fabrication of hydroxyapatite nanorods using cuttlefish bone and their bactericidal and biocompatibility study

• Satheeshkumar Balu,
• Manisha Vidyavathy Sundaradoss,
• Swetha Andra and
• Jaison Jeevanandam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 285–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.21

• ]. Thus, it is evident that the reaction at basic pH conditions and a temperature of 80 °C supports the relaxation of aragonite calcium carbonate bonds to form calcite structure in 3 h [24]. It can be noted from the diffraction peaks that the formation of Hap crystal growth was initiated at 6 h of

Recent progress in perovskite solar cells: the perovskite layer

• Xianfeng Dai,
• Ke Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 51–60, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.5

• ambient conditions. 2D Ruddlesden–Popper (2DRP) perovskite is the first widely used 2D perovskite material. Kanatzidis et al. [58] first incorporated butylammonium (BA) into the perovskite to promote its vertical crystal growth on the substrate. They obtained a stable device with a PCE of 4.02% by

Kelvin probe force microscopy of the nanoscale electrical surface potential barrier of metal/semiconductor interfaces in ambient atmosphere

• Petr Knotek,
• Tomáš Plecháček,
• Jan Smolík,
• Petr Kutálek,
• Filip Dvořák,
• Milan Vlček,
• Jiří Navrátil and
• Čestmír Drašar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1401–1411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.138

• obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, i.e., 5N Bi and 5N Se. The crystal growth was performed by cooling in a horizontal furnace from 1073 K to 823 K at a rate of 6 K per hour. The crystals were then annealed at 823 K for 350 h and quenched in air. This free-melt crystallization (FMC) procedure produces single

Green fabrication of lanthanide-doped hydroxide-based phosphors: Y(OH)₃:Eu³⁺ nanoparticles for white light generation

• Tugrul Guner,
• Anilcan Kus,
• Mehmet Ozcan,
• Aziz Genc,
• Hasan Sahin and
• Mustafa M. Demir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1200–1210, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.119

• and TEM images (Figure 1c and Figure 2). The growth mechanism that governs almost the entire nucleation and crystal growth process here was reported already by Hussain et al. [52] in detail, where the authors employed hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) during the fabrication of La(OH)3:Eu3+ crystals. HMTA

• process where there is more time to act on these particular crystals. The crystal growth mechanism is summarized and illustrated in Scheme 1. Compared to HMTA, which decomposes into ammonia and releases OH− ions slowly, LiOH is able to give OH− ions through complete dissociation directly to the reaction

• medium. Since the rate of hydroxide release is a strong parameter to control the size, size distribution and defect content of the resulting crystal, it is expected to obtain a variation for these values in the case of comparing the effect of HMTA and LiOH on the crystal growth. Moreover, such a

Tailoring the magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles using the polyol process

• Malek Bibani,
• Romain Breitwieser,
• Alex Aubert,
• Vincent Loyau,
• Silvana Mercone,
• Souad Ammar and
• Fayna Mammeri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1166–1176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.116

• when the reaction temperature is close to the boiling point of the solvent [29]. This was the case when TriEG was used. Thus, the crystal growth by solute diffusion occurred on a larger number of nuclei, leading to a smaller final particle size: In contrast, a smaller number of nuclei was produced in

On the transformation of “zincone”-like into porous ZnO thin films from sub-saturated plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition

• Alberto Perrotta,
• Julian Pilz,
• Stefan Pachmajer,
• Antonella Milella and
• Anna Maria Coclite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 746–759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.74

• crystal growth occurred, giving insights in the manufacturing of nanoporous ZnO from Zn-based hybrid materials. Keywords: calcination; PE-ALD; porosity; thin films; ZnO; Introduction Atomic layer deposition (ALD) and molecular layer deposition (MLD) are sequential self-limiting vapor-phase deposition

• 400 °C, showing significant loss of material starting from 200 °C. However, the crystallinity and crystal growth of the resulting porous ZnO structure were not investigated. In different systems, studying the evolution of Ti alkoxide upon pyrolysis in inert atmosphere, Abdulagatov et al. [11] showed

• is targeted, since its crystal growth and texture affect the optical and (piezo)electrical properties of the material [64][65][66]. The crystallinity of the pristine zincone-like layers and its evolution during and after calcination were monitored using in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and grazing

Deposition of metal particles onto semiconductor nanorods using an ionic liquid

• Michael D. Ballentine,
• Elizabeth G. Embry,
• Marco A. Garcia and
• Lawrence J. Hill

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 718–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.71

• synthesis conditions [5]. Well-defined nanorod substrates are synthesized using organic ligands to direct crystal growth [6], and these surface-bound ligands often play an important role in charge transfer at the particle/solvent interface [7][8][9][10][11]. However, these stabilizing ligands also insulate

Advanced scanning probe lithography using anatase-to-rutile transition to create localized TiO₂ nanorods

• Julian Kalb,
• Vanessa Knittel and
• Lukas Schmidt-Mende

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 412–418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.40

• nanostructures. Keywords: hydrothermal crystal growth; lithography; nanostructures; seed crystals; surface processes; oxides; Introduction Rutile TiO2 is a chemically stable semiconductor with a band gap of 3.1 eV [1]. Dependent on the kind of nanostructure and doping, it has outstanding electronic and

A novel polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-modified layered double hydroxide: preparation, characterization and properties

• Xianwei Zhang,
• Zhongzhu Ma,
• Hong Fan,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Jintao Wan and
• Philippe Dubois

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3053–3068, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.284

• geometries with sizes mainly ranging from 100 to 200 nm in diameter and without any defined outer shape. The irregular and arc-like edges of most particles might be an indication of the incomplete process of crystal growth. On the other hand, the primary particles of OLDH in Figure 7c–d are also found to be

Hybrid Au@alendronate nanoparticles as dual chemo-photothermal agent for combined cancer treatment

• Anouchka Plan Sangnier,
• Romain Aufaure,
• Laurence Motte,
• Claire Wilhelm,
• Erwann Guenin and
• Yoann Lalatonne

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2947–2952, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.273

• (1-hydroxy-1-phosphonopent-4-enyl)phosphonic acid (HMBPene), replacing alendronate were characterized by a smaller NPs size around 10 nm [16]. This indicates the influence of the reducing ligand on the crystal growth. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) has been used to

Comparative biological effects of spherical noble metal nanoparticles (Rh, Pd, Ag, Pt, Au) with 4–8 nm diameter

• Alexander Rostek,
• Marina Breisch,
• Kevin Pappert,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Marc Heggen,
• Manfred Köller,
• Christina Sengstock and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2763–2774, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.258

• noble metals has been described in the literature [54]. The shape-controlled synthesis of noble metal nanostructures can be achieved by different experimental procedures that aim to control nucleation, crystal growth, and finally, colloidal stabilization [55][56][57][58]. A very prominent method is the

Improved catalytic combustion of methane using CuO nanobelts with predominantly (001) surfaces

• Qingquan Kong,
• Yichun Yin,
• Bing Xue,
• Yonggang Jin,
• Wei Feng,
• Zhi-Gang Chen,
• Shi Su and
• Chenghua Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2526–2532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.235

• most metal oxides. To improve the reactivity of metal oxides, surfaces with high energy (and thus low surface area), namely minority surfaces, may offer new opportunities. Although minority surfaces often diminish quickly during crystal growth due to their low stability, they can be stabilized by

Nanocellulose: Recent advances and its prospects in environmental remediation

• Katrina Pui Yee Shak,
• Yean Ling Pang and
• Shee Keat Mah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2479–2498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.232

• increase its aromatic character, anion exchange capability, and hydrophilic nature of cellulose. Cellulose could also act as a stabilizer for the Fe3O4 nanoparticles to prevent crystal growth and aggregation of particles. In general, magnetic iron oxide is anchored in the polymer matrix to induce magnetic

Lead-free hybrid perovskites for photovoltaics

• Oleksandr Stroyuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2209–2235, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.207

• in octadecene [130][133][134]. The shape of nanoscale Cs2SnI6 can be tuned quite easily by varying the duration of crystal growth. The reaction between Sn(IV) oleate and CsI yields ≈2.5 nm NCs in a minute after cesium iodide injection (Figure 7b), where the NCs transform into HP nanorods after a 5

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202

• the surface that promote the WO3 crystal growth. The highest response toward 100 ppm of n-butanol is 7.3 for pure WO3 at 300 °C, 34.7 for WO3–Au-0.01 M and 152.7 for WO3–Au-0.1 M at 250 °C. WO3–Au-0.1M shows the highest voltage change when exposed to n-butanol [109]. Highly porous Pt- and Pd-doped WO3